Migration Experiences

Haverluk, T. (1997). The changing geography of US Hispanics, 1850-1990. Journal of
Geography, 96(3), 134-145. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00221349708978775

The article discusses migrations to the U.S from Hispanic countries and the changing
demographics of Hispanics in the country. The article was written by an author from the
U.S Air Force Academy and is a general historical account of how migrations and
reproduction affected Hispanic communities between 1850 and 1990. It tackles the
Spanish-American War and how it affected Puerto Ricans’ status in the United States. It
also tackles Puerto Ricans’ mass settlement in New York. The article is useful in understanding the factors causing settlement of Puerto Ricans in New York. It will also inform you on U.S policy towards Puerto Rico.

Erman, S. (2008). Meanings of Citizenship in the US Empire: Puerto Rico, Isabel Gonzalez, and the Supreme Court, 1898 to 1905. Journal of American Ethnic History, 27(4), 5-33.https://www.jstor.org/stable/27501851

This article presents a critical discussion of the Isabel Gonzalez case in 1902 and its
implications on citizenship of Puerto Ricans in the U.S. The author presents a preview of
the case whereby Gonzalez was denied entry into the U.S from Puerto Rico and the
ensuing legal battle. This discussion explains how the decision favoring the Puerto Rican
affected U.S policy towards Puerto Rico and how race relations still determine the
citizenship and rights that Puerto Ricans have in the United States. The article will be
useful in highlighting how migration from Puerto Rico to New York was facilitated or
challenged by U.S laws and policies.